[Updated recommendations for vaccination in adults with respiratory diseases. Argentine Association of Respiratory Medicine, 2023]. / Recomendaciones actualizadas para la vacunación de adultos con enfermedades respiratorias. Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria, 2023.

Adult smokers, those with comorbidities, and the elderly, are at greater risk of contracting infections and their complications. Community acquired respiratory infections due to viruses, pneumococcus and other bacteria, affect both healthy and sick adults. There are vaccines that the pulmonologist must know and prescribe. The target strains of the influenza vaccine are defined by the WHO for the Southern hemisphere considering those involved in the previous influenza season in the Northern hemisphere. Its effectiveness depends on virulence, concordance between circulating and vaccine strains, and population coverage. The anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine available since 1983 is being replaced by more effective conjugate vaccines to prevent infections related to serotypes present in them. Immunization against SARS-CoV-2 reduced the contagion, severity, and lethality of COVID-19. The acellular vaccine against Bordetella pertussis for adults is present for specific situations in the adult calendar; vaccinating them strengthens the control of childhood contagion. The double (diphtheria + tetanus), and triple (double + pertussis) bacterial vaccines, and the vaccines against measles, chickenpox, rubella, human papillomavirus, Haemophilus influenzae, meningococcus, herpes zoster, Argentine hemorrhagic fever and yellow fever, are of a more limited use. Soon we will have new vaccines such as the one recently approved by the FDA against respiratory syncytial virus. Through a consensus of experts in respiratory infections, we review the new evidence regarding the immunization of adults who consult a pulmonologist, and thus update the recommendations on vaccination made eight years ago.

Los adultos fumadores con comorbilidades, y los ancianos, corren mayor riesgo de contraer infecciones y sus complicaciones. Las infecciones respiratorias comunitarias por virus, neumococo y otras bacterias afectan tanto a adultos sanos como enfermos. Existen vacunas que el neumonólogo debe conocer y prescribir. Las cepas blanco de la vacuna contra influenza son definidas por la OMS para el hemisferio sur considerando a las implicadas en la temporada precedente de influenza en el hemisferio norte. Su efectividad depende de la virulencia, la concordancia entre las cepas circulantes y las vacunales y la cobertura de la población. La vacuna anti-neumocócica polisacárida disponible desde 1983 está siendo reemplazada por vacunas conjugadas más eficaces para prevenir infecciones relacionadas a serotipos presentes en las mismas. La inmunización contra SARS-CoV-2 redujo el contagio, la gravedad y la letalidad de COVID-19. La vacuna acelular contra Bordetella pertussis para adultos está presente para situaciones puntuales en el calendario para adultos, vacunarlos fortalece el control del contagio infantil. Las vacunas doble bacteriana (difteria + tétanos), y triple (doble + pertussis), y contra sarampión, varicela, rubeola, virus del papiloma humano, Haemophylus influenzae, meningococo, herpes zóster, fiebre hemorrágica argentina y fiebre amarilla, son de uso más limitado. Pronto contaremos con nuevas vacunas, como la recientemente aprobada por la FDA contra el virus sincicial respiratorio. Revisamos a través de un consenso de expertos en infecciones respiratorias las nuevas evidencias acerca de la inmunización de adultos que consultan al neumonólogo, y actualizamos así las recomendaciones sobre vacunación realizadas ocho años atrás.

Evaluación del uso de corticoides inhalados en altas dosis para el tratamiento de crisis asmática / Evaluation of the Use of High-dose Inhaled Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Acute Asthma

Introducción: El asma es una enfermedad heterogénea caracterizada por la inflamación crónica de la vía aérea. Se caracteriza por síntomas respiratorios como sibilancias, disnea, opresión en el pecho, tos que varía en el tiempo y en la intensidad, además de presentar limitación variable al flujo aéreo. Afecta del 1 al 18% de la población mundial. Existe evidencia que sugiere que los corticoides inhalados pueden mostrar efectos terapéuticos tempranos (< 3 h). Esta rápida respuesta se encontraría vinculada a un efecto tópico (vasoconstricción de la mucosa de la vía aérea), debido a la potenciación del efecto adrenérgico por modificación de los receptores post-sinápticos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado, analítico, longitudinal de cohorte y experimental, en pacientes con crisis de asma atendidos en la guardia externa del Hospital de Rehabilitación Respiratoria María Ferrer. Resultados: Se evaluó a un total de 71 pacientes en un período de 10 meses, todos ingresaron por el servicio de guardia del Hospital de Rehabilitación Respiratoria María Ferrer y accedieron a participar del protocolo firmando un consentimiento informado. Ambos grupos presentaron un 63% de respuesta significativa (FEV1 > 60%) a los 30 minutos de iniciado el tratamiento (p: 0.72). Al fnal del protocolo (180 minutos), el grupo control (salbutamol + bromuro de ipratropio) presentó 3 pacientes que no lograron el objetivo del FEV1 > 60% a comparación de 2 pacientes en el grupo tratado con corticoides inhalados a altas dosis (P: 0.97). Conclusión: Actualmente el uso de corticoides inhalados a altas dosis en crisis de asma es una opción terapéutica para pacientes con crisis moderadas a severas. Nuestro estudio no obtuvo valores significativos que apoyen el uso de esta medicación para reducir la incidencia de internaciones o mejorar significativamente la función pulmonar.

Introduction: Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways. Its more common respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough vary in time and intensity, in addition to displaying variable airflow limitation. Asthma affects 1 to 18% of the world population. Evidence suggests that inhaled corticosteroids may show early therapeutic effects (<3 hours). This quick response would be linked to a local effect (vessel constriction of the airway mucosa) due to the potentiation of the adrenergic effect that modifies the postsynaptic receptors. Materials and methods: A prospective, randomized, analytical and experimental longitudinal cohort study in patients with acute asthma treated at the emergency services of the Respiratory Rehabilitation Hospital Maria Ferrer, Buenos Aires. Results: A total of 71 patients were evaluated over a period of 10 months who had agreed to participate in the study by signing an informed consent. Both the study and the control groups had a 63% significant response (FEV1> 60%) within 30 minutes of starting treatment (p = 0.72). At the end of the observation (180 minutes), three patients of the control group (Salbutamol + ipratropium bromide) did not achieve the objective of FEV1> 60% compared to 2 patients in the study group treated with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (P group: 0.97). Conclusion: Currently the use of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids in asthma attack is a therapeutic option for patients with moderate to severe crisis. The results of our study do not provide significant evidence in support of the use of this medication to reduce the incidence of hospitalizations or improve the lung function.

Recomendaciones de vacunación en adultos con enfermedades respiratorias: Documento de la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria para los neumonólogos / Recommendations on Vaccination for Adults with Respiratory Diseases. Document of the Argentina Association of Respiratory Medicine for Pulmonologists

El neumonólogo de adultos acostumbra a prescribir vacunas. Este documento hecho por expertos en aspectos de la especialidad que involucran vacunar a pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias, perteneciente a la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria, resumió la información disponible proponiendo una participación activa en la vacunación contra influenza (VAG), neumococo (VAN), pertusis y zoster. El Ministerio de Salud (MSAL) en Argentina, como el CDC y su comité de consulta sobre inmunización (ACIP) en Estados Unidos, elaboran calendarios y recomendaciones para vacunación. La ACIP recomienda la VAG a mayores de 6 meses sin contraindicaciones; el MSAL a mayores de 65 años y a quienes tengan comorbilidades (incluye enfermedades respiratorias y tabaquismo) o contacto con personas vulnerables. La clásica VAN polisacárida de 23 serotipos es recomendada para adultos con riesgo de enfermedad invasiva, incluyendo a mayores de 65 años, revacunando a los inmunosuprimidos y una única vez a los mayores de 65 que hubieran sido vacunados 5 años antes o más; la ACIP recomienda dar la VAN conjugada de 13 serotipos, más inmunogénica, secuencialmente con la polisacárida de 23, en adultos con factores de riesgo y en mayores de 65 años. Sugerimos usarla en menores de 65 con comorbilidad respiratoria. El neumonólogo debe recordar al menos 2 vacunas más: dar el refuerzo decenal contra difteria y tétanos (DT) en mayores de 18, una vez con vacuna triple acelular (difteria, pertusis y tétanos) protegiendo contra pertusis y reduciendo su transmisión. El herpes zoster produce un rash cutáneo vesicular doloroso. Uno cada 2 mayores de 85 sufrirán al menos un ataque de herpes zoster. La vacuna reduce más del 50% la incidencia y más del 60% la neuralgia post herpética; el ACIP la recomienda en mayores de 60 años. Un gran número de los pacientes con afecciones pulmonares crónicas tienen esa edad.

The pulmonologist uses to prescribe vaccines to adult patients. Experts of the Argentina Association of Respiratory Medicine who are specialists in areas involving vaccination of patients with respiratory diseases prepared this document which summarizes the available information and proposes an active prescription of the infuenza, pneumococcus, pertussis and herpes zoster vaccinations. The Ministry of Health in Argentina as the CDC and its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in the USA, made recommendations on vaccination indications and schedules. The ACIP recommends influenza vaccination to persons older than 6 months of age without any contraindication. The Ministry of Health recommends this vaccination to persons over 65 years of age, to those with morbidities (including respiratory diseases and smoking habit) and to persons in contact with high risk people. The classic 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for adults at risk of invasive disease, including persons over 65 years of age. Revaccination is recommended to immunosuppressed patients and persons over 65 years of age at 5-year intervals. The ACIP recommends vaccination with the 13-valent serotypes polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine, which is more immunogenic, sequentially with the 23-valent vaccine in adults with risk factors and over 65 years of age. We suggest this practice in patients under 65 years of age with respiratory morbidities. The pulmonologist must remember at least two other vaccines: a booster vaccination every 10 years of diphtheria and tetanus vaccine to persons over 18 years of age, and once the triple acellular vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) to protect against pertussis and reduce transmission. Herpes zoster (shingles) causes a painful vesicular rash; 50% of persons over 85 years suffer at least one bout of herpes zoster. The vaccine reduces more than 50% incidence and more than 60% postherpetic neuralgia. This vaccine is recommended by ACIP for persons over 60 years. In this age group there are many patients with chronic lung conditions.

Neumonías y mortalidad en geriátricos / Pneumonia and mortality in nursing homes

En el número del mes de agosto de este año de la Revista Americana de Medicina Respiratoria se ha publicado un trabajo de Leda Guzzi y colaboradores titulado "Mortalidad en pacientes con neumonía provenientes de geriátrico: estudio caso-control" que aporta respuestas y nuevos interrogantes al tema de neumonía en el anciano proveniente de geriátrico y sobre todo en relación a la denominada neumonía asociada a los cuidados de la salud (NACS)

An analysis of 332 fatalities infected with pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: The apparent high number of deaths in Argentina during the 2009 pandemic led to concern that the influenza A H1N1pdm disease was different there. We report the characteristics and risk factors for influenza A H1N1pdm fatalities. METHODS: We identified laboratory-confirmed influenza A H1N1pdm fatalities occurring during June-July 2009. Physicians abstracted data on age, sex, time of onset of illness, medical history, clinical presentation at admission, laboratory, treatment, and outcomes using standardize questionnaires. We explored the characteristics of fatalities according to their age and risk group. RESULTS: Of 332 influenza A H1N1pdm fatalities, 226 (68%) were among persons aged <50 years. Acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of death. Of all cases, 249 (75%) had at least one comorbidity as defined by Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Obesity was reported in 32% with data and chronic pulmonary disease in 28%. Among the 40 deaths in children aged <5 years, chronic pulmonary disease (42%) and neonatal pathologies (35%) were the most common co-morbidities. Twenty (6%) fatalities were among pregnant or postpartum women of which only 47% had diagnosed co-morbidities. Only 13% of patients received antiviral treatment within 48 hours of symptom onset. None of children aged <5 years or the pregnant women received antivirals within 48 h of symptom onset. As the pandemic progressed, the time from symptom-onset to medical care and to antiviral treatment decreased significantly among case-patients who subsequently died (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Persons with co-morbidities, pregnant and who received antivirals late were over-represented among influenza A H1N1pdm deaths in Argentina, though timeliness of antiviral treatment improved during the pandemic.

Initial clinical management of symptomatic adult patients during influenza A (H1N1) epidemics.

BACKGROUND: Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) has emerged rapidly in Argentina since May 2009. Preliminary comparisons with seasonal influenza suggest that H1N1 disproportionately affects younger patients, generally causing mild disease, but in a minority of cases can be lethal. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a clinical tool for the initial management of patients with influenza-like syndrome, within the context of the novel H1N1 virus epidemic, to detect patients who need further investigation (e.g., chest X-ray study) for the diagnosis of pneumonia. METHODS: We prospectively studied 1090 consecutive patients with influenza-like syndrome for a period of 15 days. Based on the presence of inspiratory crackles and the level of transcutaneous pulse oximetry, we selected 217 patients requiring chest X-ray study, and pneumonia was confirmed in all of these patients. RESULTS: Among the patients with pneumonia, 132 viral diagnostic tests were available, from which specimens tested by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction (RTPCR) were positive for H1N1 in 61 patients (46%). Comparison between RTPCR-positive and RTPCR-negative patients did not show any significant difference. Eighty-seven randomly selected patients with influenza-like syndrome, but without crackles and with O(2) saturation>96%, received chest X-ray studies; none demonstrated pulmonary infiltrates. CONCLUSION: Within the context of an influenza epidemic with the new H1N1 virus, the use of two simple and accessible clinical signs permits a rapid differentiation between those patients requiring close monitoring vs. those with mild and self-resolving disease.

[Bronchodilators in acute asthma: metered dose inhalers or wet nebulizations?]. / Broncodilatadores en la crisis asmatica laerosol o nebulizacion?

of patients attending our Emergency Department (ED) with acute asthma has increased from 3300 patient/year in 1980 to 15364 in 2003. Short acting bronchodilators (albuterol/ipratropium) administered in wet nebulizations, a resource consuming procedure, were our main initial treatment in 2002. To improve treatment goals, we switched the method of bronchodilator delivery to metered dose inhalers (MDI) in 2003. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of this change in the bronchodilator delivery system. We compared 90 patients with acute asthma treated with MDIs in December 2003 with a similar number treated with wet nebulizers in December 2002 matched for sex, age, height, and FEV1 on admission. Treated with MDIs resulted in significant reduction of length of stay in the ED (median 3 vs 4 hs--quartiles 2-4.75 vs. 1-6 hs, p = 0.01) and an increase in the number of discharges in the first 2 hours of treatment (48 vs. 31% p = 0.03). Overall, patients in the MDI's group received 87% of the scheduled bronchodilator doses, while patients in the wet nebulizer's group received only 37% of the prescribed doses. Although there was a trend towards better FEV1 at discharge in the MDI's group, the difference was not statistically significant (78% +/- 17% vs. 73% + 17% p = 0.09). Percentage of patients finally discharged from the ED was similar in both groups (96 vs 94%). Patients treated with bronchodilators delivered by MDI improved faster and had better fulfillment of treatment standards.

Broncodilatadores en la crisis asmática: ¿Aerosol o nebulización? / Bronchodilators in acute asthma: metered dose inhalers or wet nebulizations?

El número de consultas por asma aguda en el Hospital María Ferrer ha aumentado de 3300 consultas anuales en 1980 a 15364 en 2002. Los broncodilatadores de acción corta (salbutamol-ipratropio) en nebulizaciones, procedimiento que consume tiempo y recursos humanos, eran el tratamiento inicial en 2002. Para tratar de mejorar el cumplimiento del tratamiento frente al aumento de la demanda, se reemplazaron las nebulizaciones por aerosoles dosificadores. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el impacto de este cambio. Comparamos 90 pacientes con crisis asmática tratados con aerosoles en diciembre del 2003 con igual número tratados con nebulizaciones en diciembre del 2002 pareados por sexo, edad, altura, VEF1 teórico y de ingreso. Con aerosoles se observó una reducción significativa del tiempo de permanencia en el Departamento de Emergencia (mediana 3 h (2-4.75) versus 4 h (1-6) p=0.01) y un número mayor de altas en las primeras 2 horas (48% vs. 31% p=0.03). Los pacientes tratados con aerosol recibieron el 87% de las dosis prescriptas, mientras que el otro grupo recibió sólo el 38%. El VEF1 mostró una tendencia a ser mayor al egreso en el grupo que recibió aerosoles, pero la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (78% ± 17% vs. 73% ± 17% p=0.09). El porcentaje de alta final fue similar en los dos grupos (96% vs. 93%). El tratamiento con aerosoles produjo una mejoría más rápida y mejor cumplimiento de las normas de tratamiento indicadas

The number of patients attending our Emergency Department (ED) with acute asthma has increased from 3300 patient/year in 1980 to 15364 in 2003. Short acting bronchodilators (albuterol/ipratropium) administered in wet nebulizations, a resource consuming procedure, were our main initial treatment in 2002. To improve treatment goals, we switched the method of bronchodilator delivery to metered dose inhalers (MDI) in 2003. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of this change in the bronchodilator delivery system. We compared 90 patients with acute asthma treated with MDIs in December 2003 with a similar number treated with wet nebulizers in December 2002 matched for sex, age, height, and FEV1 on admission. Treated with MDIs resulted in significant reduction of length of stay in the ED (median 3 vs 4 hs – quartiles 2-4.75 vs 1-6 hs, p=0.01) and an increase in the number of discharges in the first 2 hours of treatment (48 vs 31% p = 0.03). Overall, patients in the MDI´s group received 87% of the scheduled bronchodilator doses, while patients in the wet nebulizer´s group received only 37% of the prescribed doses. Although there was a trend towards better FEV1 at discharge in the MDI´s group, the difference was not statistically significant (78% ± 17% vs 73% + 17% p=0.09). Percentage of patients finally discharged from the ED was similar in both groups (96 vs 94%). Patients treated with bronchodilators delivered by MDI improved faster and had better fulfillment of treatment standards

Broncodilatadores en la crisis asmática: ¿Aerosol o nebulización? / Bronchodilators in acute asthma: metered dose inhalers or wet nebulizations?

El número de consultas por asma aguda en el Hospital María Ferrer ha aumentado de 3300 consultas anuales en 1980 a 15364 en 2002. Los broncodilatadores de acción corta (salbutamol-ipratropio) en nebulizaciones, procedimiento que consume tiempo y recursos humanos, eran el tratamiento inicial en 2002. Para tratar de mejorar el cumplimiento del tratamiento frente al aumento de la demanda, se reemplazaron las nebulizaciones por aerosoles dosificadores. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el impacto de este cambio. Comparamos 90 pacientes con crisis asmática tratados con aerosoles en diciembre del 2003 con igual número tratados con nebulizaciones en diciembre del 2002 pareados por sexo, edad, altura, VEF1 teórico y de ingreso. Con aerosoles se observó una reducción significativa del tiempo de permanencia en el Departamento de Emergencia (mediana 3 h (2-4.75) versus 4 h (1-6) p=0.01) y un número mayor de altas en las primeras 2 horas (48% vs. 31% p=0.03). Los pacientes tratados con aerosol recibieron el 87% de las dosis prescriptas, mientras que el otro grupo recibió sólo el 38%. El VEF1 mostró una tendencia a ser mayor al egreso en el grupo que recibió aerosoles, pero la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (78% ± 17% vs. 73% ± 17% p=0.09). El porcentaje de alta final fue similar en los dos grupos (96% vs. 93%). El tratamiento con aerosoles produjo una mejoría más rápida y mejor cumplimiento de las normas de tratamiento indicadas (AU)

The number of patients attending our Emergency Department (ED) with acute asthma has increased from 3300 patient/year in 1980 to 15364 in 2003. Short acting bronchodilators (albuterol/ipratropium) administered in wet nebulizations, a resource consuming procedure, were our main initial treatment in 2002. To improve treatment goals, we switched the method of bronchodilator delivery to metered dose inhalers (MDI) in 2003. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of this change in the bronchodilator delivery system. We compared 90 patients with acute asthma treated with MDIs in December 2003 with a similar number treated with wet nebulizers in December 2002 matched for sex, age, height, and FEV1 on admission. Treated with MDIs resulted in significant reduction of length of stay in the ED (median 3 vs 4 hs ¹ quartiles 2-4.75 vs 1-6 hs, p=0.01) and an increase in the number of discharges in the first 2 hours of treatment (48 vs 31% p = 0.03). Overall, patients in the MDI´s group received 87% of the scheduled bronchodilator doses, while patients in the wet nebulizer´s group received only 37% of the prescribed doses. Although there was a trend towards better FEV1 at discharge in the MDI´s group, the difference was not statistically significant (78% ± 17% vs 73% + 17% p=0.09). Percentage of patients finally discharged from the ED was similar in both groups (96 vs 94%). Patients treated with bronchodilators delivered by MDI improved faster and had better fulfillment of treatment standards (AU)

Broncodilatadores en la crisis asmática: ¿Aerosol o nebulización? / Bronchodilators in acute asthma: metered dose inhalers or wet nebulizations?

El número de consultas por asma aguda en el Hospital María Ferrer ha aumentado de 3300 consultas anuales en 1980 a 15364 en 2002. Los broncodilatadores de acción corta (salbutamol-ipratropio) en nebulizaciones, procedimiento que consume tiempo y recursos humanos, eran el tratamiento inicial en 2002. Para tratar de mejorar el cumplimiento del tratamiento frente al aumento de la demanda, se reemplazaron las nebulizaciones por aerosoles dosificadores. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el impacto de este cambio. Comparamos 90 pacientes con crisis asmática tratados con aerosoles en diciembre del 2003 con igual número tratados con nebulizaciones en diciembre del 2002 pareados por sexo, edad, altura, VEF1 teórico y de ingreso. Con aerosoles se observó una reducción significativa del tiempo de permanencia en el Departamento de Emergencia (mediana 3 h (2-4.75) versus 4 h (1-6) p=0.01) y un número mayor de altas en las primeras 2 horas (48% vs. 31% p=0.03). Los pacientes tratados con aerosol recibieron el 87% de las dosis prescriptas, mientras que el otro grupo recibió sólo el 38%. El VEF1 mostró una tendencia a ser mayor al egreso en el grupo que recibió aerosoles, pero la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (78% ± 17% vs. 73% ± 17% p=0.09). El porcentaje de alta final fue similar en los dos grupos (96% vs. 93%). El tratamiento con aerosoles produjo una mejoría más rápida y mejor cumplimiento de las normas de tratamiento indicadas (AU)

The number of patients attending our Emergency Department (ED) with acute asthma has increased from 3300 patient/year in 1980 to 15364 in 2003. Short acting bronchodilators (albuterol/ipratropium) administered in wet nebulizations, a resource consuming procedure, were our main initial treatment in 2002. To improve treatment goals, we switched the method of bronchodilator delivery to metered dose inhalers (MDI) in 2003. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of this change in the bronchodilator delivery system. We compared 90 patients with acute asthma treated with MDIs in December 2003 with a similar number treated with wet nebulizers in December 2002 matched for sex, age, height, and FEV1 on admission. Treated with MDIs resulted in significant reduction of length of stay in the ED (median 3 vs 4 hs ¹ quartiles 2-4.75 vs 1-6 hs, p=0.01) and an increase in the number of discharges in the first 2 hours of treatment (48 vs 31% p = 0.03). Overall, patients in the MDI´s group received 87% of the scheduled bronchodilator doses, while patients in the wet nebulizer´s group received only 37% of the prescribed doses. Although there was a trend towards better FEV1 at discharge in the MDI´s group, the difference was not statistically significant (78% ± 17% vs 73% + 17% p=0.09). Percentage of patients finally discharged from the ED was similar in both groups (96 vs 94%). Patients treated with bronchodilators delivered by MDI improved faster and had better fulfillment of treatment standards (AU)

Pico de flujo espiatorio en niños uruguayos sin enfermedad de 3 a 13 años / Peak espiatory flow in Uruguayan children without disease, from 3 to 13 years old

El pico de flujo espiratorio (PFE) ha sido incluido en las recomendaciones de consenso sobre control y tratamiento del asma desde la década de los 90. Dado que presenta variaciones según diferentes poblaciones, se determinaron los valores de PFE de niños uruguayos sin enfermedad. Se estudiaron 362 varones y 437 niñas procedentes de nueve escuelas, con edades de 3 a 13 años cumplidos, sin antecedentes respiratorios ni utilización de medicación antiasmática en su historia previa, y que al momento del estudio no evidenciaran anormalidades del examen clínico del aparato respiratorio. Los PFE fueron determinados mediante flujómetros Vitalograph con los niños en posición de pie y se registró el mayor valor logrado en tres o más pruebas sucesivas, sin oclusión nasal. Se estudiaron los niños agrupados por sexo y en intervalos de 5 kg, talla de 10 cm y edad en intervalos de un año. Se determinó el valor percentilar 10, 50 y 90 para cada intervalo de clase y se correlacionó mediante una regresión de cuadrados mínimos con un polinomio de 2º grado. El coeficiente de correlación (r²) para los valores de p.10, p.50 y p.90 fue de 0,99, 0,98 y de 1,00 para talla, siendo levemente inferiores para edad y peso. Los valores de PFE son mayores en los varones con respecto a las niñas a partir de un peso de 40 kg, una edad de 9 años y una talla de 140 cm. Se comparan los valores obtenidos en nuestro estudio con los publicados en la literatura.

Adequacy of outpatient management of asthma patients admitted to a state hospital in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess chronic outpatient management of adult patients admitted with asthma. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 98 consecutive asthma admissions to a specialized pulmonary State Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina, over a 12-month period. Patients were surveyed, within 48 h of admission, with a previously validated questionnaire which deals with chronic outpatient management and measures taken by patients or physicians to treat symptoms during asthma exacerbations. RESULTS: FEV1% predicted was 30.2 +/- 10.7. Mean admission rate and emergency department (ED) visits in the previous year were 0.7 +/- 1.2 and 4.6 +/- 5.1, respectively. A total of 96, 65 and 9% of the patients had been treated previously in the ED, admitted to hospital or mechanically ventilated, respectively. Only 62% had been prescribed inhaled corticosteroids (IC) by their physician; 38% had been prescribed nebulized beta agonists (Nbeta2) and 68% a metered dose inhaler (MDIbeta2). Inhaled beta2-agonist usage during acute exacerbations over the 24 h prior to admission was 14.4 +/- 7.4 puffs for MDIbeta2 and 8.6 +/- 5.4 occasions for Nbeta2. Only 11% of the patients were able to perform all the steps of the MDI inhalation technique correctly. An action plan had been provided by their physicians to 43% of patients, while 58% changed their medication on their own. Only three patients had a peak flow meter (PFM) prescribed. ED was used by 26% for their routine care. No health insurance coverage was available to 75.5% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Underuse of IC, poor MDI inhalation technique, and low prescription of an action plan was common and a PFM was seldom prescribed. During exacerbations, many patients changed their medication spontaneously and MDIbeta2 underuse was observed.

[Neumonía acquired in the community. Practical guide elaborated by a committee intersocieties]. / Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Guía práctica elaborada por un comité intersociedades.

Clinical practice guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) contribute to improve patient's management. CAP undergoes continuous changes in etiology, epidemiology and antimicrobial sensitivity, requiring periodic guidelines revisions. An inter-society committee designed this guidelines dividing it into several topics based on prior guidelines and recent clinical studies. CAP compromises annually more than 1% of the population; most of the cases only require outpatient care but others are severe cases, reaching the 6th cause of death in Argentina. The cases are distributed unevenly into ambulatory, admitted in the general ward or in the intensive care unit. There is no way to predict the etiology. Unfavorable outcome predictors include age, antecedents and physical, laboratory and radiography findings. Ten to 25% of inpatients need to be admitted to the intensive care unit at the onset or during the follow-up, for mechanical ventilation or hemodynamic support (severe CAP). Severe CAP is associated with high mortality and requires adequate and urgent therapy. Pregnant, COPD and nursing home patients require special recommendations. Diagnosis is clinical, while complementary methods are useful to define etiology and severity; chest X-ray is the only one universally recommended. Other studies, including microbiologic evaluation are particularly appropriate in the hospitalized patients. The initial therapy is empiric, it must begin early, using antimicrobials active against the target microorganisms, avoiding their inappropriate use which can lead to the development of resistance. Length of therapy must not be unnecessarily prolonged. Hydratation, nutrition, oxygen and therapy of complications must complement antibiotic treatment. Prevention is based on influenza prophylaxis, anti-pneumococcal vaccine, aspiration prevention and other general measures.

Neumonia adquirida en la comunidad. Guia practica elaborada por un comite intersociedades / Neumonía acquired in the community. Practical guide elaborated by a committee intersocieties

Clinical practice guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) contribute to improve patient's management. CAP undergoes continuous changes in etiology, epidemiology and antimicrobial sensitivity, requiring periodic guidelines revisions. An inter-society committee designed this guidelines dividing it into several topics based on prior guidelines and recent clinical studies. CAP compromises annually more than 1 of the population; most of the cases only require outpatient care but others are severe cases, reaching the 6th cause of death in Argentina. The cases are distributed unevenly into ambulatory, admitted in the general ward or in the intensive care unit. There is no way to predict the etiology. Unfavorable outcome predictors include age, antecedents and physical, laboratory and radiography findings. Ten to 25 of inpatients need to be admitted to the intensive care unit at the onset or during the follow-up, for mechanical ventilation or hemodynamic support (severe CAP). Severe CAP is associated with high mortality and requires adequate and urgent therapy. Pregnant, COPD and nursing home patients require special recommendations. Diagnosis is clinical, while complementary methods are useful to define etiology and severity; chest X-ray is the only one universally recommended. Other studies, including microbiologic evaluation are particularly appropriate in the hospitalized patients. The initial therapy is empiric, it must begin early, using antimicrobials active against the target microorganisms, avoiding their inappropriate use which can lead to the development of resistance. Length of therapy must not be unnecessarily prolonged. Hydratation, nutrition, oxygen and therapy of complications must complement antibiotic treatment. Prevention is based on influenza prophylaxis, anti-pneumococcal vaccine, aspiration prevention and other general measures